Discuss the usefulness and problems with contingency theories in Essay

Examine the handiness and issues with possibility speculations in understanding hierarchical structure. How significant can they b - Essay Example It is pertinent to think about advancement of possibility hypothesis and its application to authoritative structure all together organizations’ chiefs had a chance to create adaptable ways to deal with hierarchical basic turn of events. In this way, possibility hypothesis is an option for associations searching for arrangement of their ebb and flow issues and watching out for basic changes. An essential theoretical system of possibility hypothesis is an expression â€Å"it depends† (Donaldson, 2001). In this manner, any administrative arrangement ought to be made with respect to the outside elements of a specific circumstance in an association. In addition, an incredible job in setting up hierarchical structure plays nature of the earth of association. As per the possibility hypothesis: â€Å"there is nobody most ideal approach to arrange; any method of getting sorted out isn't similarly effective† (Galbraith, 1973). In the event that an ideal connection between nature of association, outside condition and hierarchical qualities is built up, an association is on the correct method to execution. Such sort of match is known as a ‘contingency theory’ or ‘contingency point of view/view’ (Donaldson, 2001). Investigations of hierarchical structures comparable to outer states of organizations’ activity brought about examinations dependent on the possibility hypothesis. ... In the investigation made by Burns and Stalker (1961) unthinking and natural standards of associations were talked about. In associations, where unthinking standards won, top chiefs built up a strategy. Such sort of associations was portrayed by unbendable approaches and inflexible dynamic. Luthans (1973) builds up the possibility of connection of possibility hypothesis to the executives hypothesis. Before hypothesis created by Luthans the board speculations were not identified with one another. For instance, process hypothesis depended on arranging, sorting out, coordinating, and controlling (Donaldson, 1996). So as to locate an ideal harmony between the executives hypotheses, possibility hypothesis was a bringing together methodology characterizing interrelatedness and common reliance of every single integrative piece of the executives speculations. This methodology was widened and brought about a â€Å"theoretical model of Structural Adaptation to Regain Fit (SARFIT)† (Dona ldson, 1987, 2001). This model can be deciphered in the accompanying way: on the off chance that an association finds a best connection among inner and outside assets, it arrives at elite levels. It is a correct method to arrive at size development, present advancements and broadening (Hamilton and Shergill, 1992). Possibility factors may prompt authoritative oddball to outside variables. Therefore, levels of execution are diminished and basic changes are presented (Chandler, 1962). SARFIT hypothesis infers thought of auxiliary possibility hypothesis as connection between divisionalization changes and vital changes. Bums and Stalker (1961) are centered around â€Å"discussion about changes in robotic and natural structures with respect to mechanical and advertise change in the outside conditions† (Bums and Stalker, 1961).

Energy Deregulation Essay Example For Students

Vitality Deregulation Essay As we have seen the engineered power outages and crisis cautions all through numerous pieces of our province of California inside the previous a year, there is an inquiry holding back to be replied. For what reason do we have a vitality emergency when there are different states that are doing fine and dandy? Before we arrive at any hurried resolution, let us ask ourselves what befell the vitality strategy during the mid 90s? During that period the electric utilities went from being exceptionally directed to being deregulated following the pattern in effective deregulation of numerous ventures, for example, carrier and media transmission enterprises. The idea that deregulation will bring progressively serious costs and better administrations to the general population, subverted the negative possibilities of the free market framework. Deregulation bill must be canceled in light of the fact that it brings higher power costs, lower reliabilities of power, and furthermore it takes steps t o haul down our economy alongside it. To begin with, we have seen an across the nation increment in both discount and retail power costs. In California for instance, the discount costs expanded multiple times a year ago contrasted with 1999 (Kahn and Lynch 13). The normal private electric bill nearly multiplied from $40 to $80 in San Diego when the SDG Es retail cost freeze finished in June 2000.1According to Washington Governor Gray Locke, the entire vitality costs have gone up from ten to multiple times the costs of a year prior (1).In New York, all the more explicitly in New York City and parts of Westchester County which are one of the primary territories in the nation to deregulate retail costs altogether, the retail rates have expanded practically 30% (Eisenberg 47). This is awful when you consider that ones that will be generally harmed from these absurdly high power costs will be the people and families that are in the low-level of pay. Second, the dependability of power was undermined all through numerous pieces of our state, influencing both private and business parts. On June 14, 2000, around 100,000 clients were passed out in San Francisco Bay Area (Kahn and Lynch 9-10). As indicated by Lorenco Goncalves, the CEO of California steel ventures, We were intruded on multiple times this month January contrasted with not once from 1987 to 1998. Such a large number of different businesses rely upon what we send themIf they cannot rely upon my items, they will get them somewhere else (Wood and Sherer). These unsure interferences are causing a great deal of harm in our economy. Jack Kyser, chief of the Los Angeles Economic Development Council, attests that, Concern is undulating through each business in the state, since they are getting calls from clients thinking about whether they will have the option to convey (Wood and Scherer). The evaluated misfortune from the intentional power outages in January is $1.8 billion as per Mr. Kyser (Wood and Sherer). An arrangement that should convey better administrations, experiences thus given more difficulties to people in general. At long last, there is another issue related with deregulation and that is cost gouging. At the point when the large three utilities were requested to sell their age plants to get ready for deregulation, numerous privately owned businesses bought those force plants.These plants produce power that is then bought by utilities that control transmission and dispersion of power. Be that as it may, numerous privately owned businesses who own the plants purportedly made a counterfeit deficiency which brings about value spikes (Sloan, Allan). This is an ideal model why open utilities, particularly the electric utilities, ought not be deregulated. At the point when individuals exploit the flexibly and request, for example, for this situation, the result is unquestionably insecurity and confusion of our open utility framework. .ud421b1dded4b46cc40684e352f649516 , .ud421b1dded4b46cc40684e352f649516 .postImageUrl , .ud421b1dded4b46cc40684e352f649516 .focused content region { min-tallness: 80px; position: relative; } .ud421b1dded4b46cc40684e352f649516 , .ud421b1dded4b46cc40684e352f649516:hover , .ud421b1dded4b46cc40684e352f649516:visited , .ud421b1dded4b46cc40684e352f649516:active { border:0!important; } .ud421b1dded4b46cc40684e352f649516 .clearfix:after { content: ; show: table; clear: both; } .ud421b1dded4b46cc40684e352f649516 { show: square; progress: foundation shading 250ms; webkit-change: foundation shading 250ms; width: 100%; darkness: 1; change: obscurity 250ms; webkit-change: haziness 250ms; foundation shading: #95A5A6; } .ud421b1dded4b46cc40684e352f649516:active , .ud421b1dded4b46cc40684e352f649516:hover { murkiness: 1; progress: mistiness 250ms; webkit-change: mistiness 250ms; foundation shading: #2C3E50; } .ud421b1dded4b46cc40684e352f649516 .focused content zone { width: 100%; position: relative; } .ud421b1dded4b46cc40684e352f649516 .ctaText { outskirt base: 0 strong #fff; shading: #2980B9; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: striking; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; text-adornment: underline; } .ud421b1dded4b46cc40684e352f649516 .postTitle { shading: #FFFFFF; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: 600; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; width: 100%; } .ud421b1dded4b46cc40684e352f649516 .ctaButton { foundation shading: #7F8C8D!important; shading: #2980B9; fringe: none; fringe span: 3px; box-shadow: none; text dimension: 14px; text style weight: intense; line-stature: 26px; moz-fringe sweep: 3px; text-adjust: focus; text-design: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-stature: 80px; foundation: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/modules/intelly-related-posts/resources/pictures/straightforward arrow.png)no-rehash; position: total; right: 0; top: 0; } .ud421b1dded4b46cc40684e352f649516:hover .ctaButton { foundation shading: #34495E!important; } .ud421b1dded4b46cc40684e352f6495 16 .focused content { show: table; stature: 80px; cushioning left: 18px; top: 0; } .ud421b1dded4b46cc40684e352f649516-content { show: table-cell; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; cushioning right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-adjust: center; width: 100%; } .ud421b1dded4b46cc40684e352f649516:after { content: ; show: square; clear: both; } READ: Importance of Arts Education Essay ThesisDespite the way that deregulation was an enormous disappointment in California, the defenders of deregulation contend that it can work to bring more decisions and serious costs. The best genuine model originates from the territory of Pennsylvania where its occupants spared $3 billion on their electric bills after the state embraced deregulation charge (Eisenberg 46). Another model is the territory of Texas. Eisenberg says that, state authorities are ensuring a 6% rate cut as it so happens when retail deregulation produces results one year from now (Eisenberg 47). Be that as it may, there are different sta tes that had been deregulated however didn't encounter increasingly serious rates. As per Eisenberg, the electric

Organic Growth Walmart free essay sample

The most recent pattern or â€Å"craze† per state of the twenty first century has been that of natural nourishments. The U. S advertise for natural food at one time was developing at a pace of 20% every year, which is altogether more prominent when contrasted with the 3-4% of the food part all in all. This verifiable developing interest in natural nourishments grabbed the eye of Douglas Degn, an official VP of the uncontrollably well known association, Wal-Mart. With the interest of natural items regularly surpassing flexibly, Degn was confronted with the choice of whether to hop on this lack and give individuals what they look for from organics from Wal-Mart, or on the off chance that he should keep on expanding on the items they effectively offer to customers, so as to raise benefits. In the wake of dissecting the market and creation for natural food and investigating Wal-Marts business technique, it is suggested that Wal-Mart leave behind the allurements of the natural food industry, and ought to submit their cash and vitality in improving the items they effectively offer. We will compose a custom article test on Natural Growth Walmart or on the other hand any comparative subject explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page The reasons why Wal-Mart should wander away from dunking into the natural food pool are many. Above all else, Wal-Marts business plot that has driven their association is purchasing in mass, mass amounts, having the option to sell these items while to a great extent undermining their rivals, and still be beneficial. In the natural food advertise, gracefully has been overwhelmed by request, so there is no conceivable way Wal-Mart would have the option to proceed with this methodology, as there is just insufficient flexibly. While the organization had referenced the chance of worldwide sourcing, and bringing in these new nourishments from Chile and somewhere else, this would corrupt the entire â€Å"organic† notoriety, and would turn purchasers off of their item. Regardless of whether they attempted to go neighborhood, it would be a repetitive undertaking to discover enough ranchers to accommodate their share, and natural ranchers would not endure them requesting to deliver more past what they are equipped for on the grounds that they are particularly worried about the watering down of principles for natural items. Another explanation is concerning the way that Wal-Mart the executives considered creation cost premiums 10% over the comparable non-natural things. When contrasting these numbers with the universes current biggest retailer of natural items, Whole Foods, who charges a value premium of 20-30%, one would think Wal-Mart is in an ideal situation. Anyway Wal-Mart must consider the way that purchasers of natural food are eager to pay half more for nourishments that have not been hereditarily altered. This negates with Wal-Marts low valuing of natural nourishments in that these clients are going to think about how they can sell natural items at such a limited cost, and it might persuade that their natural items are defective. Buyers will be dubious of why such a profoundly important item, is being given to them at such a low worth cost. Main concern is that these purchasers are willing and hoping to follow through on a high premium cost, for a high premium item. Regardless of whether Wal-Mart chose to charge these high premium costs so as to engage the higher salary natural shoppers, they risk ruining their picture to current buyers, and lower pay buyers may imagine that they are not, at this point sufficiently rich to shop at Wal-Mart, and they could lose an endless measure of faithful customers. Those equivalent steadfast clients, which credited to $192 billion in income in the U. S alone; would they like to endanger that? Once more, in contrasting Wal-Mart with Whole Foods; they are organization that is exclusively dedicated to selling produce and other basic food item things, this is their forte. Wal-Mart then again additionally sells a wide assortment of family unit things, apparel and toys, they don’t have one explicit item bunch center. Natural buyers won't feel good purchasing their top notch natural nourishments from a similar spot they could purchase modest home apparatuses, children’s toys, or unfashionable garments. What it is prescribed Wal-Mart do so as to help their business is to improve the picture of the items they as of now have, so clients will purchase more. The one region wherein they could profoundly profit improving is their clothing, which is a higher-edge segment that is falling behind in deals. By moving into selling progressively upscale, popular garments and housewares, Wal-Mart would empower itself to interest higher pay shoppers, perhaps connecting with that 15% of the populace who don't shop at Wal-Mart, or in any event, alluring current buyers to buy these high edge items. They could achieve this by making a â€Å"fashion merchant† position that would visit Wal-Mart and contenders stores, and recommend approaches to adjust stock, floor plans and attire to various gatherings. Degn ought to reevaluate the way that Wal-Marts business technique of â€Å"everyday low prices† is the thing that has made them into the effective organization they are today and shouldn’t stray to a long way from what has made them fruitful so as to expand benefits. Degn should chip away at improving the items Wal-Mart at present sells as opposed to concentrating on natural food, which is something they have never done. On the off chance that they can patch up a portion of their higher edge items, for example, their dress or housewares, they ought to have the option to connect with a more extensive assortment of clients, and have the option to get present clients to purchase more, as this is the territory Wal-Mart is slacking in. By working with what they know and have Wal-Mart ought to have the option to build deals, rather than taking a chance with the misfortunes that are probably going to happen on the off chance that they attempted to get into the natural food business, as it is a business that isn’t at present trustworthy in their organization picture. At the present time, natural food to Wal-Mart resembles McDonalds attempting to sell a fine cut of steak. Incredible.

Current Account Deficit in Australia and Relevant Economy Policy free essay sample

The general economy state of Australia Australia’s economy has encountered positive changes in the course of the most recent two decades. These changes have helped the country’s economy and increased the country’s expectation of living. In 2009, Australia was the thirteenth biggest economy by ostensible GDP of US$930. 8 billion (Wikipedia). Emphatically occupied with world exchange, Australia is positioned the 21st biggest merchant and 23rd biggest exporter on the planet (Economy Watch 2009). Fare products are: coal, iron metal, gold, meat, fleece, alumina, wheat, apparatus and transport gear. The top5 send out goals are China, Japan, North Korea, India and United States. Import items are: apparatus and transport hardware, PCs and office machines, media transmission gear and parts; raw petroleum and oil based commodities. The top5 import sources are China, United States, Japan, Thailand and Singapore (Australia truth sheet 2009). Parity of installments in Australia Although Australia has accomplished huge economy development, it despite everything has numerous issues in building up its economy. To be explicit, Australias enormous current record shortage is at present the best worry to certain financial analysts. For as long as three decades, Australia has had a BOP shortage with its CAD having developed from $195 million in December, 1979 to $18483 million in December, 2009 (ABSxls). With the huge BOP shortage, Australia needs to take measures to control the wellsprings of BOP deficiency, so it won't fall into an obligation emergency like Greece’s. The most recent BOP measurements are recorded underneath: Table1 Current record ;- 18483 Goods and Services ;- 7467 Goods and Services credits ;60234 Goods and Services charges ;- 67701 Goods ;- 6898 Goods credits ;46638 Goods charges ;53536 Services ;- 569 Services credits ;13596 Administrations charges ;- 14165 Primary pay ;- 10897 Primary pay credits ;9672 Primary salary charges ;- 20570 Secondary pay ;- 119 Secondary pay credits ;1608 Secondary pay charges ;- 1727 (Sources: ABS 2009) Table2 Capital and budgetary record ;17943 Capital record ;- 35 Acquisitions/removals of non-delivered non-money related resources ;0 Acquisitions/removals of non-created non-monetary resources credits ;0 Acquisitions/removals of non-created non-monetary resources charges ;0 Capital exchanges ;- 35 Capital exchanges credits ;0 Capital exchanges charges ;- 35 Financial record ;17978 Direct speculation ;7731 Direct venture, Assets ;- 6087 Direct venture, Liabilities ;13817 Portfolio venture ;- 298 Portfolio speculation, Assets ;- 34144 Portfolio speculation, Liabilities ;33846 Financial subsidiaries ;- 2165 Financial subordinates, Assets ;12133 Financial subordinates, Liabilities ;- 14297 Other speculation ;11529 Other speculation, Assets ;- 4008 Other venture, Liabilities ;15536 Reserve resources ;1181 Net blunders and exclusions ;541 (Sources: ABS 2009) From the main diagram, we can see that the significant parts of current record shortage were essential pay deficiency and products shortfall. Toward the finish of 2009, Australia had a present record shortage of $18483 million in current value terms. In particular, essential salary had an all out negative measure of $10897 million, which frames the biggest piece of current record deficiency. Products had a negative measure of $6848 million, so Australia’s net import was $6848 million. In addition, administrations account had a negative measure of $569 million, which delineates that administrations import surpassed the administrations trade by $569 million. There were enormous measure of exchanges in merchandise and ventures, with an all out charge of $67701 million and an absolute credit of $60234 million. From the subsequent diagram, we can see that little capital exchanges occurred during 2009. The aggregate sum of capital record was - $35 million, which had a place with capital exchange. Money related record had an overflow of $17978 million, with the unevenness in other speculation account contributing $11529 million to the excess. Despite the fact that there were huge measure of exchanges in portfolio speculation account (resources had a measure of - $34144 million and liabilities had a measure of $33846 million), its net sum was just - $298 million. As indicated by examination over, the significant commitment to current record deficiency is the irregularity in essential salary. As the charges sum surpasses the credits sum by over $10000 million, which discloses to us that salary outflowâ€that is the pay paid to outsiders by Australians is the significant reason for current record shortfall, government should take measures to limit pay surge so as to control the deficiency of current record. Since the present record offset is equal with net outside interest in national salary bookkeeping (Carbaugh 2002), we can likewise break down remote venture to get a comprehension of current record shortage. Table3 Sep Qtr 2009 Dec Qtr 2009 Sep Qtr 2009 to Dec Qtr 2009 $m % change _______________________________________ BALANCE ON CURRENT ACCOUNT Trend gauges - 14 587 - 17 509 - 20 Seasonally balanced - 14 731 - 17 459 - 19 BALANCE ON GOODS AND SERVICES Trend gauges - 3 345 - 6 349 . . Regularly balanced - 4 224 - 6 062 . . NET PRIMARY INCOME Trend gauges - 11 027 - 10 973 Seasonally balanced - 10 270 - 11 234 - 9 LEVELS AT END OF PERIOD International Investment Posit ion 756 233 768 628 2 Net remote value 122 511 120 733 - 1 Net outside obligation 633 722 647 895 2 ________________________________________ . . not appropriate nil or adjusted to zero (counting invalid cells) Sources: ABS 2009) Table4 Australias speculation joins, as at 31 Dec 2009: Level of Australian venture abroad (A$m): 1,159,088 Level of outside interest in Australia (A$m): 1,927,716 (Sources: Australia actuality sheet 2009) From table4, we can ascertain the net remote speculation is $768628 million toward the finish of 2009, which is steady with the figure in table3. From September to December, worldwide speculation position expanded by $ 12035 million while the present record shortage expanded by $2922 million, which shows that the change headings of IIP and CAD are the equivalent. With net outside obligation represent the significant piece of IIP, we can arrive at the resolution that remote venture adds to the CAD in Australia, particularly the remote obligation. Table5 International Investment (Sources: ABS 2009) According to figures in table5, Net IIP expanded consistently from June, 2008 to December, 2009, which demonstrates a chance of persistent development of Net IIP. From investigation results above, change bearings of IIP and CAD are the equivalent, consequently we can make an expectation of increment in CAD for the year 2010. The significance of BOP to Australia’s economy Table6 SELECTED INTERNATIONAL ACCOUNTS RATIOS(a)(b) 6 07 08-09 Sep Qtr Dec Qtr Mar Qtr Jun Qtr Sep Qtr Dec Qtr 2008 2009 GDP ($MILLION) 1 091 328 1 181 751 1 256 458 317 319 329 497 301 194 308 448 312 031 nya Current record â€5. 4 â€6. 2 â€3. 0 â€5. 5 â€4. 4 â€3. 2 â€3. 0 â€3. 4 â€4. Products and Enterprises â€1. 2 â€2. 1 0. 5 â€1. 6 â€0 . 7 0. 3 0. 5 0. 1 â€0. 6 Credits 19. 7 19. 8 22. 7 20. 8 22. 4 23. 2 22. 7 21. 6 20. 0 Debits â€21. 0 â€21. 8 â€22. 2 â€22. 4 â€23. 1 â€22. 9 â€22. 2 â€21. 4 â€20. 6 Primary pay â€4. 2 â€4. â€3. 4 â€3. 9 â€3. 7 â€3. 5 â€3. 4 â€3. 4 â€3. 5 Net International Investment Position 56. 1 56. 0 57. 1 57. 2 57. 7 58. 1 57. 1 60. 4 61. 4 Net remote value 6. 7 4. 8 6. 4 3. 0 1. 4. 3 6. 4 9. 8 9. 6 Net outside deb t 49. 4 51. 2 50. 6 54. 2 56. 3 53. 8 50. 6 50. 7 51. 8 ya not yet accessible (a) Derived from current value unique information. The net worldwide venture position proportions are gotten from the net outside liabilities toward the finish of the period and GDP for the year finished with that period. Different proportions utilize just information for the year finished with the period appeared. (b) For the most recent reference time frame, GDP for the year finished with the past quarter is utilized. (Source: ABS 2009 ) From table 6, we can see that the proportion of current record to GDP expanded from an outright estimation of 5. 4% (06-07) to 6. 2% (07-08), which shows the developing significance of current record in Australia’s economy development. The proportion tumbled to 3. 0% (08-09) because of world monetary downturn. Be that as it may, after June of 2009, it began to increment once more. Net IIP has an expanded proportion of 56. 1% (06-07) to 57. 1% (08-09) and toward the finish of 2009, the proportion helped to 61. 4%. The consistently expanded proportion exhibits IIP has a nearby association with Australia’s economy development. In this manner, we can securely make the end that present record balance assumes an inexorably significant job in Australia’s economy and change of Net IIP have direct association with Australia’s GDP. Unevenness of essential salary account represents the fundamental piece of CAD while Net Foreign obligation represents the principle part of Net IIP. Here comes the inquiry that is the consistent CAD an issue to Australia’s economy? For Australia, the appropriate response is â€Å"no†. As a net borrower, if Australia gets cash to put resources into capital gear which produces a sufficiently high return as opposed to getting cash to devour , then the CAD is useful for the economy development since the venture receives reward from acquiring (McTaggart, FindlayParkin 2003). Table7 LEVELS OF FOREIGN DEBT AT END OF PERIOD AND SELECTED RATIOS ________________________________________ Period Debt liabilities(a) $m Reserve resources $m Other obligation resources $m Net outside debt(a)(b) $m Ratio of net remote obligation to GDP(c) % Ratio of net enthusiasm to merchandise and enterprises credits(d) % ________________________________________ANNUAL ________________________________________ 1996â€1997 302,846 - 22,791 - 71,427 208,628 39. 4 - 11. 2 1997â€1998 346,971 - 24,260 - 94,929 227,782 40. 6 - 9. 7 1998â€1999 359,83

Identify the constituent parts of a total computer system :: Computer Science

Recognize the constituent pieces of an all out PC framework ========================================================= Equipment - information and yield units Reinforcement stockpiling; focal handling unit; Programming - applications bundle; Working framework; The primary capacity of a PC framework is to process information. At the point when information has been handled and yield it becomes data. The fundamental stages of this strategy are: 1. The Input Stage - where information is placed into the PC. 2. The Processing Stage - where the information is prepared. 3. The Output Stage - where the outcomes are shown. A PC likewise needs to store information for sometime in the future. This is finished on a sponsorship stockpiling gadget. Equipment - information and yield units Information DEVICES Scanner tag peruser A barcodeBarcodes are various gatherings of vertical bars that can be peruse by an optical scanner. Scanner tags are imprinted on about each item that you can purchase. Shops use scanner tags since they are modest to produce and truly tough. Idea console An idea console is a level board that contains a framework of catches. Each catch can be customized to adhere to directions. An overlay sheet is set on the matrix with a clarification for each catch. They are utilized in grade schools with small kids. Numerous advanced cheap food cafés have overlays with either a depiction or picture of the suppers that are accessible to make requesting simpler. Computerized camera A computerized camera permits you to take pictures and to store an advanced photographic picture that can be perused by a PC. You can at that point move the pictures straightforwardly from your camera on to your PC. Computerized cameras are frequently utilized by domain specialists for creating promoting and deals material. Designs tablet A designs tabletA illustrations tablet comprises of a level cushion (the tablet) on which the client draws with an uncommon pen. As the client draws on the cushion the picture is made on the screen. Utilizing a designs tablet a planner can create exceptionally precise on-screen drawings. MICR (Magnetic Ink Character Reader) Attractive ink characters are the peculiar looking numbers that show up at the base of checks. These characters are utilized on the grounds that they are very hard to fashion or harm. Banks use MICR to peruse the numbers from the base of checks to get information, for example, account numbers and bank sort codes. Attractive strip An attractive strip on a credit cardMagnetic strips are incorporated with numerous plastic cards, for example, check ensure cards, money point cards and individual personality cards. The attractive strip on the rear of the card can hold the individual subtleties of the card proprietor and, with the fundamental PIN, will permit access to make sure about data for example bank account subtleties. MIDI (Musical Instrument Digital Interface) A MIDI framework permits you to connect an instrument to your

Juggling Act

Juggling Act This semester, almost all of my classes on Tuesdays and Thursdays take place in Building 4. (Yes, thats its actual name: Building 4. What, you actually expect MIT kids to remember things that arent numbered?) Besides the plenitude of classrooms, some of Building 4s most enjoyable features include an über-convenient café, an Athena computer cluster (not to mention two other clusters nearby, in Buildings 12 and 2), Killian Court, proximity to the Infinite Corridor, and most relevant to this blog entry easy access to the Undergraduate Math Office in 2-108. Why is the Undergraduate Math Office relevant? Two reasons. First off, Im a student grader for 18.02 (multivariable calculus), which is one of the freshman GIRs. Each semester, the Math Department (and most other majors at MIT) hire a bunch of undergraduate minions I mean, employees to help out with the brunt work of grading the hundreds of problem sets MIT students produce every week. Because 18.02 was my favorite class when I was a first-semester freshman (Classical Mechanics, youre cool and all, but Ive realized lately that Calculus is more my thing. Especially when she starts going all Stokes Theorem on my psets. No hard feelings?), I submitted my name as a prospective graderand I was hired! Woo! So, thats the first reason the Math Office matters to me: its where I pick up the twenty (give or take) problem sets Im responsible for grading every Friday, and where I bring them back every Monday. The second reason the Math Office matters is to me is because they have a stapler, and also because they have a bowl of free candy. The situation, you see, was this. Its 4:30 PM. Im sitting in the Building 12 Athena cluster, where Ive been working to finish up a thermodynamics problem set for the past four hours straightever since I finished a linear algebra test that let out at 12:30. Id gotten about a third of the pset done last night, but studying for that test prevented me from finishing all of it so now its crunch time. The problem set is due at 5 PM, but everythings going smoothly I started with the easy problems, but with those out of the way now Im going back to that tough problem about isothermal titration chemistry and everything is just falling into place, and I box my last answer explaining why the reaction in question is endothermic, and I feel awesome, and its 4:55 and I suddenly realize that I have ten pages of thermodynamics ready to turn in to my TA in 4-159 and somehow I need to find a stapler in the next five minutes. And then I realizeoh, yeah. Im in Building 4. So I book it to the Math Office, where I find as always a stapler just waiting on the front desk for students to use. The receptionist smiles at me as I hastily staple my pieces of gridpaper into something resembling an actual problem set. I smile back as I grab a tootsie roll from the candy bowl a familiar ritual, which somehow brings me more satisfaction than the candy itself ever could. I round the corner of the hallway and make it to my TAs room with time to spare. You see, underneath our calm exterior, each MIT student is quietly dealing with about a hundred different things all clamoring for our attention. Classes, problem sets, reading, office hours, recitations, tests, club meetings, UROP, living group commitments, email, AIM, Facebook, just hanging out sometimes, it feels exactly like a circus act. Except that clowns get it much easier than we do; they just juggle the same brightly-colored, uniform balls day in, day out. But MIT students have to become master jugglers in a circus where each ball is a different color, a different shape, a different weight. Some are feather-light and a breeze to handle. Some are as heavy as lead. And then some feel as though they might as well be on fire. When youre used to life in Hell, sometimes a stapler, a piece of candy, and a friendly, no-questions-asked smile are all an MIT student really needs.

The Christian Influence in Herbert’s Metaphysical Poetry and Ferrabosco’s Music in the English Renaissance - Literature Essay Samples

A cultural and artistic movement blossomed in England from 1588 to 1666 called the English Renaissance. The two most dominant forms of literature of the English Renaissance were drama and poetry. In the 17th century, poetry became more experimental and transcendental, forming metaphysical poetry that dealt with spiritual, intellectual, and philosophical matters, inspired by the conception of the universe and the role of human spirit and existence. Their style went against Elizabethan love poetry, and focused more on how to regard God. George Herbert, a notable metaphysic, wrote poetry to emphasize the relationship between man and God. Connecting with the spiritual enlightenment of the English Renaissance, Herbert’s metaphysical poetry extended beyond the physical world and explored the spiritual world, specifically in relation to and with God, through analysis, intellect, and conceit. Herbert was an Anglican Christian, which influenced his works. In his poem, â€Å"Easter Wings,† he celebrates the resurrection of Jesus. The first line is directly addressed to God, calling him â€Å"Lord, who createdst man in wealth and store.† The descriptors â€Å"wealth and store† describe the abundance of purity and innocence when God created man. The second line, â€Å"though foolishly he lost the same† is a clear allusion to Adam and Eve, for man lost everything (paradise) foolishly due to their actions. Lines three through five describe how man â€Å"decayed† and became â€Å"most poor,† by turning his back on God. In this context, â€Å"poor† means a poor moral and spiritual standing, as man no longer has anything left spiritually due to sin. Herbert addresses God again in lines six and seven, â€Å"With thee/O let me rise,† asking to become purer. The next two lines accentuate this point, saying â€Å"As larks harmon iously sing this day thy victories,† employing larks to symbolize holy celebration, and referring to â€Å"this day thy victories† as Jesus over earth. Here he is using physical things such as larks and singing to conjure the spiritual world. The ending of the first stanza, â€Å"Then shall the fall further the flight in me,† states that man’s fall will only want to make the speaker seek redemption more, and begins a metaphor of â€Å"flight† to relate to the title as well as to become closer to God. For the second stanza of â€Å"Easter Wings,† Herbert uses â€Å"sorrow† â€Å"sickness,† and â€Å"shame† in the first three lines to describe man’s punishment for sinning. As a result, he became â€Å"most thinne,† which holds the same meaning as â€Å"most poore,† and thus connects the two parts of the poem. He repeats â€Å"with thee† to echo his desire for a connection with God, again explained by the next line â€Å"Let me combine,† combining with God. Herbert echoes â€Å"thy victory† to further praise the Lord. Moreover, â€Å"for if I imp my wing on thee,† describes a physical level of their relationship, since â€Å"imp† means an implant on a falcon’s damaged wing. Similar to the previous stanza, the speaker uses his spiritual yearning to relate to a physical relationship of a bird and a feather. Metaphorically speaking, grafting his wing onto God will help him fly towards purity and salvation: â€Å"Affliction shall advance the flight in me.† An interesting aspect of â€Å"Easter Wings† is that it is concrete, for the two stanzas are shaped like wings, which explains the title of the poem. The two sets of wings indicated flying with God or Jesus, and flying towards spirituality. The shape of the wings go from fat, thin, and then fat again because of the meaning of the lines. For instance, the starting three lines in the first stanza discusses the Lord and his creation of man, establishing a pure beginning, and the turn of the stanza, â€Å"most poore,† is when the wings become thinner, signaling man’s descent from paradise and virtue. Faith is restored in the last three lines as the speaker is determined to repent for his sins and achieve salvations because the wings grow fat again. The shape of the poem correlates with the theme of the poem, which is redemption being obtained through a union with God. In 1633, Herbert wrote another poem called â€Å"The Collar.† One of his occupations was an Anglican priest, so the speaker might be Herbert himself. The first two lines express immediate anger: â€Å"I struck the board and cried â€Å"No more;/I will abroad!† The speaker uses â€Å"abroad† to convey going out into the world and shaking off his restrictions. He longs for freedom in the next line, â€Å"What? Shall I ever sigh and pine?† and then interprets his abundance of freedom through similes, â€Å"My lines and life are free, free as the road/Loose as the wind, as large as store.† The fifth line,â€Å"Shall I still be in suit?,† is a pun asking both if he will be in pursuit as well as if he will always be in the suit of a clergyman. In the next line, the speaker continues to question himself: â€Å"Have I no harvest but a thorn / To let me blood, and not restore / What I have lost with cordial fruit?† The harsh image of a â€Å" thorn† is visualized as pricking him and making him lose all his abundance and pleasure, as illustrated by â€Å"harvest† and â€Å"fruit.† He tries to compensate: â€Å"Sure there was wine/Before my sighs did dry it; there was corn / Before my tears did drown it.† The wine is used to represent the church and Jesus, which he was exposed to as a priest, but the other images portray secular pleasures the speaker cannot enjoy because of his priesthood. The question, â€Å"Is the year only lost to me?† shows how separated he feels from everyone else, for he cannot experience happiness and freedom. â€Å"Have I no bays to crown it /No flowers, no garlands gay?All blasted?/All wasted?† continue to express his regret, for there is no triumph nor merit in being a priest. The turn comes in the answer, given in the seventeenth line: â€Å"Not so, my heart; but there is fruit, /And thou hast hands.† Using the â€Å"fruit† as a religious symbol, the speaker comes to the realize that devoting his life to the church has not been a waste. The â€Å"hands† belong to God, who the priest is now speaking to and praising. He requests God to â€Å"Recover all thy sigh-blown age/ On double pleasures: leave thy cold dispute/Of what is fit and not.† in the next three lines. He makes it seem like sighing blew his age away, highlighting his misery, and asks God to decide what is best for him. The speaker likens his restrictions of priesthood to a cage and a rope in the following line, â€Å"Forsake thy cage/Thy rope of sands.† A rope of sands is not tangible, meaning his religious beliefs are not tangible. However, he wants to take such insignificant beliefs, described as â€Å"petty thoughts,† and make them stronger: â€Å"W hich petty thoughts have made, and made to thee.† Here the speaker proves his change of mind in wanting to make these unimportant beliefs stronger, which will bind him to God. As the poem comes to an end, the priest has become comfortable with his religious services, and instead of yearning to be free, he now yearns to become even more connected with God. This starts with the 24th line: â€Å"Good cable, to enforce and draw/And be thy law,/While thou didst wink and wouldst not see./Away! Take heed;/I will abroad.† Here the speaker calls the cable â€Å"good,† therefore putting this curtailment in a positive light. Whereas he once felt confined by his priesthood, he now towards God to â€Å"take heed,† providing him direction and enforcement. The phrase, â€Å"I will abroad,† is used to contrast with its use in the second line, because it originally meant the speaker was going to relinquish his priestly duties, though now it means he will follow God’s lead. Afterwards in the 29th line, he calls â€Å"thy death’s-head,† whose literal translation is a skull, but also symbolizes man’s mortality, to  "tie up thy fears.† Then the speaker makes a threat: â€Å"He that forbears/To suit and serve his need/Deserves his load,† saying that someone who lets himself suffer deserves to suffer in death and in hell. In the last two lines, the priest addresses his previous anger, â€Å"But as I raved and grew more fierce and wild/At every word,† yet subdues it with the notion of God, â€Å"Methought I heard one calling Child!/And I replied, My Lord.† God has called to him, and the priest’s response confirms his spirituality, regarding God as a religious master. In addition to Herbert’s poetry, Renaissance music contained metaphors, such as in Musica Transalpinia, a collection of madrigals published in England in 1588. The madrigals were borrowed from the Italians, although the lyrics were rendered into English. It is significant for marking the beginning of the golden age of the madrigals. It contains 57 separate pieces by 18 composers, with Alfonso Ferrabosco having the most, Ferrabosco during the time of the English Renaissance. According to the Petrucci Music Library, track was composed by him for six voices: â€Å"Ferrabosco: I was full neare my fall (6 voices) 1. 2nd part. But as the byrd that in due time espying (6 voices).† The song lyrics go: â€Å"But as the bird that in due time espying/The secret snare and deadly bush enlimed,/Quick to the heavn doth mount with song and pleasure,/Trains of false looks and faithless words defying,/Mounting the hill so hard for to be climbed, /I sing for joy of liberty the treasure.à ¢â‚¬  The image of the bird going to heaven reminded me of â€Å"Easter Wings,† and how physical ascension translates into spiritual ascension towards God, and therefore salvation. There the bird will achieve pleasure, which the singer is â€Å"joyed† for a relationship with God is â€Å"treasure.† Forgiveness from God is a prevalent theme in Christianity that was ingrained in Renaissance society. In both of Herbert’s poems, his speakers ask for forgiveness from God in order to achieve salvation and form a stronger bond with him. Much like in Donne’s poetry, Herbert uses conceits to intensify religious and spiritual themes. In â€Å"Easter Wings,† the wings are a conceit for becoming closer to God, and therefore succeeding in salvation. In â€Å"The Collar,† the conceit is the priest’s collar, which relates to the restraint and limitations. At the end of the poem, the collar is a sign of willing submission to God. In the 45th track of Musica Transalpinia, the bird is a type of metaphor that contains the same meaning as in â€Å"Easter Wings†: flight towards the heavens in order to connect with God. These extended metaphors use physical aspects to speculate the spiritual world, thus making them metaphysical. Each piece uses an analytical approach to subject matter and an accompanying intellectual tone to complete the conceit and theme. In Herbert’s case, the theme is a need to establish a connection between man and God, which ties into the Christianity during the time of the English Renaissance. Works Cited Herbert, George. â€Å"Easter Wings.† Poems and Poets. Poetry Foundation, 2015. Web. 04 Apr. 2016. Herbert, George. â€Å"The Collar.† Poems and Poets. Poetry Foundation, 2015. Web. 04 Apr. 2016. Yonge, Nicholas. Musica Transalpina (Various). IMSLP/Petrucci Music Library: Free Public Domain Sheet Music. London: Thomas East, 1588., 12 Feb. 2015. Web. 06 Apr. 2016

Explaining the Origins and Evils of Society in Second...

Second Treatise of Government by John Locke and Discourse on the Origin of Inequality by Jean-Jacques Rousseau are books written to try and explain the origin of society. Both try to explain the evils and inequalities of society, and to a certain degree to discuss whether man in his natural state is better than man in society. These political science based theories do not appear, at first, to have anything in common with J. Hector St. John De Crà ¨vecoeur’s Letters from an American Farmer, which are letters written by Crà ¨vecoeur during the settling of America and the beginning of the American Revolution, however with examination we can see reflection of both Locke’s and Rousseau’s ideas about things such as human nature, government, and†¦show more content†¦Specifically he states ‘This latter type of inequality consists in the different privileges enjoyed by some at the expense of others, such as being richer, more honored, more powerful than they, or even causing themselves to be obeyed by them.’ (Rousseau, 45). Crà ¨vecoeur reflects this when he discusses slavery because he speaks about how the slaves are controlled because the other race has wealth and the slaves are forced to obey them. Slavery is an example of Rousseau’s idea of political equality, which he states does not exist in the state of nature but is created by the consent of man (Rousseau, 45). Something that Crà ¨vecoeur talks about in his Letters is the kind of government in America and his opinion on it. At the beginning this is all very positive, and the first mention of the government is him discussing that there is no absolute power, stating that ‘We have no princes, for whom we toil, starve, and bleed; we are the most perfect society now existing in the world’ (Crà ¨vecoeur, 597). He is quite straight forward with his opinion that the fact that the government being not absolute is a good thing, an opinion shared by both Locke and Rousseau. Locke states ‘It cannot be supposed that they should intend, had they the power to do so, to give to any one,Show MoreRelated On the Virtues of Private Property in Locke and Rousseau Essay2221 Words   |  9 PagesOn the Virtues of Private Property in Locke and Rousseau John Locke and Jean Jacques Rousseau, following their predecessor Thomas Hobbes, both attempt to explain the development and dissolution of society and government. They begin, as Hobbes did, by defining the â€Å"state of nature†Ã¢â‚¬â€a time before man found rational thought. In the Second Treatise[1] and the Discourse on Inequality[2], Locke and Rousseau, respectively, put forward very interesting and different accounts of the state

The Documentary Of Autism The Musical Show Children Who...

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Judaism s Views On Euthanasia - 2049 Words

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Changes Europe Experienced During The Industrial Revolution

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Humanism and Secular Humanism Free Essays

string(59) " tax exempt status or deem themselves expressly religious\." The question has been raised: who is in control of curriculum in our school? Not just the choosing of the precise books, but who is in charge of the contents of the books that curriculum directors can choose from? Once the answers to these questions are found, what should be done if they point to one group? So many problems in the United States have arisen when the people discover that one group is violating the people†s rights in some way by not allowing others power, that it would be logical to conclude that it would be perceived by many to be unfair if it is found that one interest group chooses what all American children learn, especially if that interest group is furthering their own interests by doing so. However, finding out the answers to these questions is quite difficult at best. The subject has been written about extensively, and since there are so many opinions, the unbiased truth is virtually impossible to come by. We will write a custom essay sample on Humanism and Secular Humanism or any similar topic only for you Order Now In this topic, it has been at least suggested by others that everyone is biased, including our Supreme Court, so one must tread carefully in stating so-called â€Å"facts.† Humanism and secular humanism and what they have to do with present educational curriculum will be discussed for the remainder. Though human nature tends to make all humans biased in some way, both sides of the argument have been researched and will be documented until fair conclusions can be made. First, the term â€Å"humanism† must be defined. To do this fully, the definition of â€Å"humanism† will be given from the dictionary, and then humanists themselves will have a turn to define themselves. Merriam Webster†s Collegiate Dictionary terms â€Å"humanism† as â€Å"a doctrine, attitude, or way of life centered on human interests or values; esp.: a philosophy that usually rejects supernaturalism and stresses an individual†s dignity and worth and capacity for self-realization through reason.† The same dictionary defines â€Å"doctrine† as â€Å"a principle or position or the body of principles in a branch of knowledge or system of belief: DOGMA.† To understand fully what this is pointing to, one must then look at the definition of â€Å"dogma†-â€Å"a doctrine or body of doctrines concerning faith or morals formally stated and authoritatively proclaimed by a church.† Most will agree that an accredited collegiate dictionary is an acceptable place to look for information, and here it is shown that humanism can be tied to a religion. People who claim to be humanist would also seem to be a good place to look for a formal term for humanism. Rebecca Bushnell writes of early humanist pedagogy when she says, â€Å"This is a humanism based on belief that people are largely responsible for what happens on this earth; committed to tolerance, attention to the differences among people and the need to treat them with equal respect; shaped by a cheerful acceptance of ambivalence and contradiction; and informed by an almost painful historical consciousness, which sees the past as estranged yet able to illuminate present concerns (8).† This explanation definitely sounds like what most people want to feel, or at least what they claim to, but humanism is more than this. Humanism is also defined by the worship of man; Curtis W. Reese writes, â€Å"There is a large element of faith in all religion. [Christianity has faith] in the love of God; and Humanism in man as the measure of values†¦Hypotheses, postulates, and assumptions in their proper realm are comparable to faith in the realm of religion. In this way I speak of the faith of Humanism.† Another humanist deals with the humanistic beliefs in right and wrong: â€Å"In humanism right and wrong are defined in terms of consequence to human life (10).† To further clarify what humanists believe, more writings of humanists will prove that they consider humanism to be their religion. Gerald A. Larque, a man who signed the Humanist Manifesto II, writes, â€Å"Our religion is based upon the best that we know about our cosmos, our world, and ourselves†¦We recognize our oneness with the cosmos and our spatial and temporal minuteness†¦We see ourselves as the highest life-form the evolutionary process has developed†¦(11).† The 1979 Humanist of the Year, who co-founded and edited The New Humanist, also believes humanism to be a religion: â€Å"†¦Humanism in a naturalistic frame is validly a religion†¦(7).† A Humanist Manifesto, also known as the Humanist Manifesto I, continually describes humanism as a religion. â€Å"The time has come for widespread recognition of the radical changes in religious beliefs†¦In every field of human activity, the vital movement is now in the direction of a candid and explicit humanism†¦religious humanism (13).† From the Humanist Manifesto II, one can see that Kurtz thinks of humanism as † a philosophical, religious, and moral point of view† and that it offers a believer a formula for salvation and a future sanctuary (12). Other humanists who claim humanism as their religion illustrate what â€Å"religion† means to them. Julian Huxley says in Religion Without Revelation, â€Å"There are whole religions which make no mention of God. The most notable example, as already mentioned, is that of Buddhism (14).† Furthering this thought, â€Å"Religion, then,†¦will mean a ruling commitment practiced by a community of individuals to what they believe creates, sustains, saves, and transforms human existence toward the greatest good (15).† With this, one has sufficient information concerning basic humanism beliefs. Besides the fact that humanists themselves admit to being a religious organization, there are several examples of how the American legal system treats humanism-as a religion. In a Supreme Court case, Torcaso v. Watkins, a Notary Public from Maryland was reinstated after being fired for refusing to proclaim a belief in God. The Court recognized religions that do not believe in God as â€Å"real† religions when it wrote, â€Å"Among religions in this country which do not teach what would generally be considered a belief in God are Buddhism, Taoism, Ethical Culture, Secular Humanism and others (7).† This statement will be considered later in the discussion. All formal humanist membership organizations in America claim 501(c )3 religious tax exempt status or deem themselves expressly religious. You read "Humanism and Secular Humanism" in category "Papers" Dr. Paul Kurtz states, â€Å"Even the American Humanist Association (3,500 members)†¦has a religious tax exemption (7).† An editor of The Humanist magazine, Paul Blanshard says, â€Å"There has been another victory for those who would interpret the word â€Å"religion† very broadly†¦the appellate court reversed by a unanimous decision. Now the F.O.R. [Fellowship of Reconciliation] is established as a â€Å"religious† organization, with full right to tax exemption (7).† Tax-exempt status is serious business. In an article titled â€Å"The Religion of Democracy: Part II,† Rudolph Dreikurs argues that humanism should be thought of as religious because of the form and content. â€Å"The new religion will probably be humanistic. It will be concerned with man and not with God.† This â€Å"new religion† will have new principles, new rituals, and new symbols (16). Those involved in the humanist religion also have their own ministers, and â€Å"minister† is defined in the Merriam-Webster dictionary as â€Å"one officiating or assisting the officiant in church worship.† Harvard University has its own Humanist chaplain, Thomas Ferrick, who is also â€Å"one of the 34 full- and part-time chaplains that make up the United Ministry at Harvard and Radcliffe, and he also serves as executive director of the Humanist Association of Massachusetts† local chapter (17).† In Auburn University†s Student/Faculty Directory, under â€Å"Auburn Pastors and Campus Ministers-Humanist,† there is a Humanist Counselor for the students (7). The University of Arizona†s Student Handbook for 1990-1991 lists â€Å"Humanists† under the title â€Å"Religious Services† (7). These facts should only prove further that Humanism is a religion. Now that humanism is understood, it is time to link humanism with present-day educational curriculum. Paul Vitz conducted research on the censorship of student†s textbooks, funded by the National Institute of Education, a part of the federal government, and came to the conclusion that they are strongly biased for the Secular Humanist worldview. â€Å"Whether one calls it secular humanism, enlightenment universalism, skeptical modernism, or just plain permissive liberalism, the bottom line is that a very particular and narrow sectarian philosophy has taken control of American education (18).† This seems to be a documented conclusion from an recognized institute, but yet it has not been fully discussed with the American public at large. Humanists themselves have admitted to the fact that they use the classroom to further their religion. John J. Dunphy states in his A Religion for a New Age, â€Å"[T]he battle for humankind†s future must be waged and won in the public school classroom by teachers who correctly perceive their role as the proselytizers of a new faith: a religion of humanity that recognizes and respects the spark of what theologians call divinity in every human being (19).† Another man who calls himself a â€Å"Humanist minister†, Charles Francis Potter, says: â€Å"Education is thus a most powerful ally of Humanism, and every American public school is a school of Humanism. What can the theistic Sunday-schools, meeting for an hour once a week, and teaching only a fraction of the children, do to stem the tide of a five-day program of humanistic teaching? (20)† He then continues, â€Å"So very Humanistic is modern education that no religion has a future unless it be Humanism (20).† These men obviously believe very strongly not only that humanism is being taught in American public schools, but also that it should overpower other religions. John Dewey, who signed the Humanist Manifesto I, wrote a book, Education Today, in which he voices many opinions about education and how humanism should be implemented. â€Å"I believe that†¦it is the business of every one interested in education to insist upon the school as the primary and most effective instrument of social progress and reform†¦(21)†. On page eighty he says, â€Å"We certainly cannot teach religion as an abstract essence. We have got to teach something as religion, and that means practically some religion.† He also believes public education to be the vehicle by which this â€Å"deeper religion† is promoted (21). Now that it has been documented that the humanist religion is being funneled into public schools, it is time to give a few examples of the things in school curriculum that are humanist in nature. First, homosexuality is being pushed as acceptable behavior to students. The schools are teaching that it should be looked at as positive to have â€Å"full sexual adjustment without any hang-ups caused by outdated religious concepts. And our schools are the main tool used to teach the young people this human freedom (6).† Not only is homosexuality taught as â€Å"okay,† but they are also teaching the theory of evolution in full force. Teachers are not allowed to present any kind of argument for creationist theory; Jerry Bergman, Ph.D., states, â€Å"In fact, it is often considered inappropriate to criticize evolution, let alone present the creationist position (6).† This occurs without much argument, despite the fact that there are many books very critical of evolutionary theory â€Å"written by either evolutionists or by individuals who at least do not agree with the creationist perspective (6).† The biology textbook Of Pandas and People by Percival Davis and Dean H. Kenyon was included by the trustees in Plano, Texas, in the school curriculum, and humanist educators lost all pretense of â€Å"tolerance† because the book â€Å"acknowledges the abundance of design manifest in the natural world and thus reasonably postulates an intelligent Designer (7).† Homosexuality and evolution are just a couple examples of humanist perspective in the schools. The logic these humanists use, that schools are the best place to push their beliefs, makes complete sense, even â€Å"falls in line† with some of the basic thoughts of sociological theory: that â€Å"no knowledge is value-neutral; no knowledge is free of presuppositions. All knowledge is rooted in the social structure in particular ways and reflects (even if indirectly) the particular interest of different sectors of the population (4).† Reasonably, this idea is also true for knowledge given to children in public schools. Even John Dewey said (as quoted earlier) that the teaching of religion is inevitable in schools, that â€Å"some religion† would have to be taught. Is this what the American Constitution allows? It is wrong, and very punishable, for public schools to advocate Christianity or to teach any of its beliefs, but the teaching of humanism†s beliefs remains untouched. Humanists tend to label certain â€Å"unpopular† ideas (those that they do not agree with) as religious, and those they do support as non-religious. For instance, schools are free to teach â€Å"thou shalt not steal, lie, or murder† but not â€Å"thou shalt not commit adultery or take the name of God in vain.† What is the difference between the two statements, which are both from the Ten Commandments, the most basic Western religious law? Other concepts taught presently that have a religious origin are â€Å"the goal of treating others as one would like to be treated, the need to take an occasional break from one†s work, to be balanced in all things, and the attempt to be fair to all people (6).† One of the biggest objective of liberals in recent years has been to insure equal rights for all people, yet this idea was adopted as a religious goal over 2,000 years ago in the Christian Scriptures. Bergman states, â€Å"Incidentally, the source of the belief in the equality of man is the Bible, few ancient books espouse this concept, and it is foreign to most non-Christian peoples (6).† Since these concepts are biblical in origin, why are the students not told this? What about the fact that abortion, homosexuality and fornication are talked about in school, but teachers are not allowed to discuss the religious side of the issue, only the side deemed non-religious? Though the public schools are teaching a type of religion, obviously, the students are not informed about it; in fact, the topic of religion is not deemed important (6). Community schools, before federal aid was instigated, were to reflect the values of those who lived in it. â€Å"What happened to â€Å"community public schools† that were to reflect the values of the community? They disappeared when federal aid was approved. Now only what is approved by secularists [humanists] in Washington is ‘neutral† (22).† As James David Hunter documents, â€Å"Public education arguably shares a common ethical orientation with modern humanism, particularly to the degree that these perspectives are advanced without respect for cultural traditions that might dissent (4).† Community†s values are no longer taken into account when curriculum is chosen. In recent times, the idea of choice in education has come to life with a system of tuition vouchers, but criticism of this choice has been rampant among the educators who believe in humanism. Richard A. Baer, Jr. writes: â€Å"The point is this: Education never takes place in a moral and philosophical vacuum. If the larger questions about human beings and their destiny are not being asked and answered within a predominantly Judeo-Christian framework, they will be addressed within another philosophical or religious framework-but hardly one that is â€Å"neutral.† The arrogance and philosophical implausibility of secular humanism are demonstrated by the insistence of many humanists that their position possesses such neutrality, lack of dogma, and essential rationality. It is an arrogance that also quickly becomes coercive and imperialistic, as is clearly seen in the widespread opposition among such educators toward genuine choice in education, for instance, the kind of choice that would be possible through a system of education tuition vouchers (23).† If America is a land of freedom, one would assume that Americans could choose where to send their children to school and what they are taught. However, not all Americans can afford private schools, so beyond their local public school, there is no choice. With all of this discord, it would be surprising if no one had taken this matter to the courts. They have, in some aspects. First one must look at the history of the First Amendment. The First Amendment was written to guarantee that the interest of certain faiths would not be expanded by direct or indirect benefaction of the government, at least not to the hindrance of smaller, minority faiths. When originally written, its intention was to curb the â€Å"deep and long-standing tensions† between various inter-Protestant competitions (4). Of course, they also encompassed conflicts between Protestants and Catholics and between Jew and Christians, whose beliefs are quite different, though these conflicts were minor because Catholics and Jews comprised less than two percent of the population at the start of the nineteenth century. When these populations increased, their full religious liberties were still restricted, continuing past the beginning of the twentieth century (4). This failure to fully perfect the ideals of the First Amendment is important because â€Å"many of the social dynamics taking place in the present find a parallel in the past (4).† Not only have the numbers of Muslims, Mormons, Hindus, and Buddhists grown, but the secular humanists have increased from two percent in 1962 to about eleven percent in 1990. Though humanism is not the same kind of religion as Protestantism, Catholicism, and Judaism are determined to be, how should they be perceived for First Amendment purposes? The Supreme Court held a strict definition of religion-â€Å"Our civilization and our institutions are emphatically Christian†¦Ã¢â‚¬ -until the early 1940s, when it broadened the definition: â€Å"Religious belief arises from a sense of the inadequacy of reason as a means of relating the individual to his fellow men and to his universe-a sense common to men in the most primitive and the most highly civilized societies†¦It is a belief finding expression in a conscience which categorically requires the believer to disregard elementary self-interest and to accept martyrdom in preference to transgressing its tenets†¦Conscientious objection may justly be regarded as a response of the individual to an inward mentor, call it conscience or God, that is for many persons at the present time the equivalent of what has always been thought a religious impulse (4).† This expanded the criterion from the nature of belief in a divine being to the psychological function of belief (4). In 1961 the Supreme Court decided that a Maryland law violated the no establishment clause because it put â€Å"the power and authority of the State of Maryland†¦on the side of one particular sort of believers-those who are willing to say they believe ‘in the existence of God† (4).† This new functional definition was not used with the no establishment clause by opponents until the case Smith v. Board of School Commissioners. The plaintiffs believed that most of the textbooks in the county public school system promoted secular humanism†s religion, which would violate the no establishment clause of the First Amendment. The first judgment in the case favored the plaintiff; however it was eventually overturned. A Washington Post columnist, Colman McCarthy, wrote: â€Å"A careful reading of the decision, as against a skimming of news accounts of it, reveals that Mobile families had a fair grievance: That what was taught in classrooms about religion was impeding the teachings of mothers and fathers at home about religion. What†s wrong with that complaint? (4)† What is wrong with that complaint? Surely every parent has the right to teach their children what they want to. It seems confusing to find that the Supreme Court did not believe humanist religion to be in school curriculum, especially when humanists themselves have admitted to the fact, as documented earlier. However, humanists have backtracked from their earlier, outspoken works. Paul Kurtz, quoted earlier, wrote his 1989 book, Eupraxophy: Living Without Religion, to â€Å"take back† all the earlier writings of humanists that claimed it a religion. He even coined a term-eupraxophy-to describe humanism without using the word religion. â€Å"Eupraxophy†¦provides a coherent, ethical life stance†¦it presents a cosmic theory of reality†¦defends a set of criteria governing the testing of truth claims†¦advocates an ethical posture. And it is committed implicitly or explicitly to a set of political ideals. Eupraxophy combines both a Weltanshuung and a philosophy of living.† Now, why would Kurtz do this after he had decided already that humanism was, in fact, a religion, his religion? Why? Kurtz realizes that if humanism is religion, then it will not be allowed in the schools: â€Å"For if humanism, even naturalistic and secular humanism, is a religion, then we would be faced with a violation of the First Amendment to the United States Constitution, which states that ‘Congress shall make no law respecting the establishment of religion or the free exercise thereof.† (24).† It causes more confusion in the whole topic when different people claim different things. The whole argument comes down to this: That academic freedom seems to be unequal among educators. There are many different religious beliefs in America, and most teachers would claim to have some kind of religion or world view. â€Å"Academic freedom is the ability of the instructor to teach what he/she feels is the truth about reality in an intellectually honest and reasonable way (6).† Teachers in the present day are not allowed to teach what they believe and why, because of the First Amendment. Humanists and Christians have both agreed that religion will be taught in the schools in one manner or another, and this causes a great problem because someone must choose which religion will be taught. Noebel writes in his Clergy in the Classroom: â€Å"Imagine a child enrolled in a public school and learning only what that public school imparted (with no outside interference from family, church, Christian teachers or Congressional chaplains). When he graduated, what would he believe? Without divine intervention, he wouldn†t have much choice: Secular Humanism would be all he knew. This situation is idyllic, as far as the Humanists are concerned. Because their doctrines are every bit as dogmatic as Christian doctrine, and because they view Christianity as a ‘rotting corpse,† they use their established position to censor any hint of positive Christian influence in the classroom. Though they posture as ‘open-minded,† ‘tolerant† folks, Humanists eagerly discriminate against Christianity in the classroom (7).† This is not fair, just as it would not be fair if America†s public schools taught strictly Christian doctrine. Excluding religion from the classroom, when the whole purpose of school is to teach the entire body of knowledge, is â€Å"censorship of the worst sort (6).† Many parents, Humanist or Christian, Buddhist or Catholic, are rightfully worried that their children†s teachers will indoctrinate their children with some specific religious belief. However, students are bright, reasoning people and do not gullibly believe everything a teacher says. Children who have strong prejudices against certain groups do not let go of them easily, even when a teacher tries to help that child overcome the prejudice. Also, a teacher†s ideas may spark a child†s desire to further research the topic so that the child comes to his own conclusions. If students are to become those who can debate important topics, it seems that removing all religious questions would hinder that which is significant for living a well-rounded life (6). Jerry Bergman gives the example of Australia to clarify whether it is possible to bring religion into the classroom. Only three percent of Australia†s population attends church regularly, but the schools still have classes in religious education as an â€Å"integral part of the school curriculum at all grade levels (6).† This brings the conclusion that religion in schools is feasible, and not just the religion of one group. In conclusion, the questions asked at the beginning have been answered, but not fully. It has been proven that Humanism is a religion, by quotes of many influential Humanists and by the Supreme Court, and that there is evidence of Humanist beliefs in our school curriculum, by a federal government study and by Humanist†s admittance. Many men, Humanist, Christian, and those with unknown beliefs, have agreed that education cannot occur without some religious worldview†s influence, and the topic does not seem to be dormant in their minds. The battle is not over; the writer is quite convinced that there will be more court battles concerning this issue. To have an education system that treats each person†s beliefs equally, there needs to be a change. Either separate all children into schools of their respective religions, or treat them as intelligent individuals with minds that deserve to learn about all religious views and the immense amount of history that goes with them. Shujaa, Mwalimu J. Too Much Schooling, Too Little Education: A Paradox of Black Life in White Societies. Trenton, New Jersey: Africa World Press, Inc., 1994. This book covered many areas of African-American education, and was a great background knowledge source. The topics most valid to my interests were the African experiences in schools, the analysis of African-American males† response to schooling, exploring exemplary African-American teachers† views, and African-Americans† communal nature of learning. Also I got great information concerning different school environments, and their effect on African-American students† education, which I then used to get strategies for teaching African-Americans from. How to cite Humanism and Secular Humanism, Papers

Describe ways in which discrimination may deliberately or inadvertently occur in the work settings free essay sample

Indirect Discrimination: Indirect discrimination occurs when policies and practices, which appear neutral or fair because they are applied to everyone, actually disadvantage people and particular groups within society. For example, if a job advertisement states that applicants must be able to drive then this could put a certain people at a disadvantage, such as those with a disability. So for example you may have a school display every year to celebrate Christmas because the majority of the children would be classed as ‘white’ ‘’Christian’. But if other faiths celebrations are not represented then smaller groups could be discriminated against. Direct discrimination in the work setting occurs when nursery policies which applied to everyone might on purpose disadvantaged children from particular group. For example if the nursery every year celebrate Christmas and making a display and activities about that , but not taking into account that not every child is christen and not celebrating other cultures festivals then children are discriminated one against the other. We will write a custom essay sample on Describe ways in which discrimination may deliberately or inadvertently occur in the work settings or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The other example is when the nursery gets children from one particular group, but not trying to be open for everyone and not getting children from different cultures, countries and race Practitioners might unintentionally categories children in a particular way. For instance girls playing with dolls in a cooking area and boys playing with cars and trucks, girls are more quiet than the boys, concentrate and settle down easier, children with African background are better in sport and music, but not good in academic subjects, physically disabled children will not manage in the sport activities, travelers children live poor life and never achieve anything because of their way of living. This is called stereotyping and this type of practice might not be deliberate. It happens when the practitioner is not aware of his attitude and see children as a group of the same characteristics but not as an individuals. Stereotypes: A practitioner may intentionally or intentionally categories children in a particular way. So for example boys play with blue things and girls play with pink or boy can play with car toy and girls can play with dolls and the dressing up area.

Flow Foundations Of Positive Psychology - Myassignmenthelp.Com

Questions: What Are The Limitations Of Cloud Computing? What Are The Negative Impacts Of Cloud Computing In A Business Organization? Is Cloud Computing Secure Enough For An Organisation? What Are The Possible Threats Of Using Cloud Computing In A Business Organization? Is The Advantages And Disadvantages Of Using Cloud Computing Industry Specific? What Approaches Of Using Cloud Computing Are Incompetent For Generating Profit? How The Services Of Cloud Computing Can Be Improved? Answers: Introduction The business research is conducted for analyzing the strengths and weaknesses of the cloud computing that is being used by the business organization in Australia. The cloud computing has revolutionized the way business functions and even managed business applications, computer software and servers to deliver computing resources through use of internet. The internet is enabled for managing the cloud computing and has created better scopes and opportunities for providing computer processing resources and servers to other computer systems based on the needs and requirements (Baskerville and Wood-Harper 2016). One of the major advantages brought up with the implementation of cloud computing system is the accessibility to various kinds of computer applications and programs with the help of internet. The other advantages include reduction of operational costs, on-site hosting of price for deploying the computer applications in the cloud and management of physical resources properly as well . Project Objective To identify the probable ways by which data and information can be stored and processed on a private cloud. To evaluate the impact created by using the cloud computing by the retail organizations in Australia. To assess the various ways or approaches that are required to undermine the cloud computing system and prevent issues related to data security and accessibility To recommend necessary measures for improving the effectiveness of cloud computing system implemented by the retail organizations in Australia Project Scope The scope of the project is enough to find out the various ways by which cloud computing can be done along with the benefits obtained from it. It can be seen that cloud computing provides better services for managing the fluctuating bandwidths and manage the remote servers properly. Cloud computing helps in managing disaster recovery as well as manages automatic software updates to keep the computer system secure and free from any kinds of viruses and malwares (Bryman and Bell 2015). The files that are stored on databases can be accessed from anywhere with the use of internet connection. In spite of the benefits, cloud computing has several drawbacks too like additional charges for managing bandwidths, not being able to access data in case on no internet connection, sharing and exchange of private data may not be possible when required and lack of ability to manipulate files and data locally (Bykztrk 2017). Cloud computing The cloud computing enables storage for data and information that can be maintained, managed and backed up even, thereby allow the users of services to store files online in a secured manner as well as gain accessibility to those from anywhere over the world by using internet. With the advancement in technology and communication, business management organizations need to sustain properly and for that it is important to manage storage of data, maintain good system architecture, enable autonomic computing system and ensure that all information are properly stored and accessed (Collis and Hussey 2013). The servers of networks are used that are hosted on the internet for handling data storage, accessibility and processing rather than using a local server or personal computer system. Advantages of cloud computing The major benefits of using the cloud computing are improving the technological infrastructures to expand flexibility and reduce the costs of expenses incurred while managing the cloud computing system. The cloud computing system is location independent, because of which, the users can access data from anywhere just by utilizing the internet facility. The businesses can follow a centralized approach that can reduce the cost of operations and overhead as well as increase the effectiveness of systems with ease and effectiveness (Csikszentmihalyi and Larson 2014). There are better scopes for managing disaster recovery and the security measures have improved as well. Cloud computing system enables self-service provisioning that allows the end users to compute the resources and manage workload according to the demands. The businesses can easily scale up with the increase in needs of computing whereas the scaling down happens when the demands are decreased (Marshall et al. 2013). The users could pay for the resources and workloads used by them, which further could result in avoiding the necessity to make investments. Disadvantages of cloud computing Few disadvantages of using the cloud computing are that lack of usability and convenience, poor bandwidth, etc. If data and information are transferred from the local storage device to the cloud storage, then it would be permanently moved and it could not be retained in the original folder where it was found earlier. The cloud storage devices have certain limit for bandwidth and in case the organization moves beyond the limitation of bandwidth, then additional charges will be required (McDonald et al. 2013). Thus, business organizations need to look at the bandwidth prior to considering the cloud storage. If there is no internet connection, there is no benefit of cloud computing and data cannot be accessed even. The security of data and information is hampered because sharing and exchange of information and data to other organizations can create complexities for business. All the services must be downloaded on all devices to manage the changes of data and information (Saunders, Lewis and Thornhill 2012). The cloud computing has offered extensive services like encryption and decryption along with better management of security of data and information effectively. This could prevent identity thefts as well as loss of important data and information with ease and efficiency. Literature gaps The gaps found in the literature are related to the articles and documents that are not authenticated and validated, due to which the research has taken some additional time for completion. The articles and documents consisting of relevant data and information must be assessed again to determine the negative outcomes that might be generated as well as accomplish the research in much more details (Schaufeli, Maslach and Marek 2017). Research Hypothesis H0: The cloud computing used within the Australian retail sector has created some major issues while accessing data and information H1: The use of cloud computing system has improved the efficiency of business processes by managing servers, accessing and storing data with better flexibility. Research Question Research questions are the backbone of the research on which it is carried out. It is impossible to carry out research in any discipline without formulating proper research question. The questions are identified through the literature review, where the gap is identified to find out the scope where additional research is needed. The research questions are broadly divided into two categories that are primary and secondary. The primary research question focuses on the detail that needs to be answered, whereas the secondary questions are formed to obtain the answers for the primary question. Both the primary and secondary research questions helps the researcher to direct the research in a particular direction. Research Design and Methodology In this part of the research proposal, the discussion is based on different methodsa and designs that will work as a vessel to carry out the entire research. According to Baskerville and Wood-Harper (2016), research methodology and design is the framework of any research, which is associated with a set of paradigm assumption, and this assumption will conduct the research. Henceforth, it is necessary to identify the methods that are essential for the success of the research (Baskerville and Wood-Harper 2016;Bryman and Bell 2015). The research methods are broadly divided into two categories that are qualitative and quantitative research method. Qualitative methods are used to collect the qualitative data. This type of data can not be quantified or put in number. The analysis are done by its quality not quantity. On the other hand, quantitative methods are used to collect the measurable numeric data. There are various methods used in data collection. Some of them are specific to one cat egory and some of them are used in both the methods (Bryman and Bell 2015). This particular research will incorporate some specific data collection method that will be fruitful and provide significant data. They are as follows. Qualitative Research and Quantitative Research Both of these can be used in both the researches. The process of selecting the target population on which the study will be conducted is called sampling. The process marks out of segments a small portion of a larger population. It identifies the part of the larger mass that is potential to provide accurate data on the research. It is done in the initial part of the research (Collis and Hussey 2013). On the other hand, sample size is the number of the number of a sample on which the research is likely to be conducted. (Marshall et al. 2013) Data Collection Method The data collection method can be further divided into two types Primary data collection method and secondary data collection method. If the data is collected from the primary sources such as from the organization CEO, employee who are directly related to the organization, it is primary data collection method. Whenever the data are collected for secondary sources such as literature, it is referred as secondary data dollection method (Saunders, Lewisand Thornhill 2012). Reliability and Validity Csikszentmihalyi and Larson (2014) points out that when a particular instrument is used multiple times on the same topic in order to get similar topic, it is called reliability. It is for verifying the authenticity of the data. Validity of the other hand is the mandatory requirement for all types of research (McDonald et al. 2013). Research Instrument Research instruments are the tools used for collecting data. Various research instruments will be utilize in this research such as questionnaire, interview, observation, and reading (Schaufeli, Maslach and Marek 2017). Quantitative Data Analysis Process These are the numeric data collected using a range of methods and instruments. The management of cleaning and coding has been done to present the data in a detailed manner based on proper analysis and interpretation. All these are important concepts of the quantitative data analysis (Bykztrk 2017). Interview and Questionnaire Design One of the most important method used in this particular research is the interview and questionnaire method. When the researcher directly interacts with the informant and indulges in a question answer process for obtaining information, it is called interview. Both open ended or closed ended questions are asked in this particular process for accessing particular information. Questionnaire on the other hand is also a type of interview where the subject is provided with a set of questions. S/he has to reply to the questions in yes and no format. These two methods are important in organizational research where primary authentic data is necessary (Willis 2015). Research Limitation Every research has a limitation and it cannot address everything related to the topic. Too much data can sometimes spoil the research. The researcher himself sets some limitations whereas; some are imposed by the external factors. Time is an important external factor that sets limit for the research. Only a limited amount of data is possible to collect and analyzed in a particular timeframe. On the other hand, limitation set by the researcher is important to focus on a particular aspect of the study. Objectives of the research plays crucial role in setting limits as the research focuses in meeting the particular objectives(Veld-Merkoulova and Viteva 2016). Time Schedule (Research Plan) The research will be carried out over 2 year relying on both primary and secondary data. The secondary data includes the articles, journals, reviewed articles etc. On the other hand, the primary data are the data collected through interview method and questioner design. In both the cases, both qualitative researches and quantitative research will be carried out for collecting the data. The time schedule specifies particular timing and order to carry out the research successfully (Collis and Hussey 2013). It can also be refer as research plan, which specifies the topic, background, objective, methods, data, and analysis of the data and the timing and order it needs to be conducted. Main activities/ stages Month Jan 2016 Month Jun 2016 Month Dec 2016 Month Jan 2017 Month Jun 2017 Month Dec 2017 Selection of topic Collecting data from secondary sources Constructing the research layout Literature review Development of research Plan Selection of Appropriate Research Techniques Primary data collection Analysis Interpretation of Data which are collected Conclusion Development of Draft Final Work submission Conclusion Various researches conducted on the cloud computing demonstrates potential advantages and approaches of using the service in a business settings. The impacts of incorporating cloud computing in a business organization have been identified. However, there are only limited researches that focus on the disadvantages and limitations of cloud computing in business organizations in different industries. It is important to identify the limitations, disadvantages and negative impacts of the services to improve the service and extract the maximum profit out of it. Moreover, the possible threats of using cloud computing and the vulnerability of the system are the important area of research to make necessary innovation in the service. The confidential data of the business organizations needs absolute protection from the external threat. Therefore, understanding the negatives will throw lights in the areas that require development. The proposed questions mentioned in the proposal are capable of addressing these problems. The methodology and design of the research discussed in the report are essential to carry out the research in a favorable structure. 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